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Fly ash of class C for ceramic technology
Keršnerová, Lucie ; Šveda,, Mikuláš (referee) ; Rovnaníková, Pavla (referee) ; Všianský,, Dalibor (referee) ; Sokolář, Radomír (advisor)
This thesis is focused on the possibilities of the utilization of the fludized fly ash in ceramic technology, especially in the field of brick manufacturing and ceramic tiles. There were used fly ashes from thermal power plants in Hodonín, Ledvice and Tisová. Fluidized fly ash can be used for manufacturing of building materials. There hasn’t been done extensive research in this area. One of the problem is sulphur dioxide leakage during burning. The work describes the behaviour of fluidized ash during firing. The attention is focused on air pollution of sulphur dioxide. The production of SO2 is controlled so that the aim of the work is to find a way how to avoid leaking. It was proved that addition of sodium ions causes the formation of minerals hauyne and nosean during firing. Also is described the behaviour of the fly ash-soil mixtures. The anhydrite decomposition temperature is lower than in pure fly ash. In the end is fluidized ash applied for the production of dry pressed ceramic tiles. This ash can be used in ceramic technology. However, despite the interesting results there are number of problems that need to be solved.
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Study of the influence of fires of municipal and industrial waste landfills on the enviromental contamination, the combustion products of rubber and halogenated polymers
Sikora, Henryk ; Hroch, Martin (referee) ; Chýlková, Jaromíra (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Čáslavský, Josef (advisor)
This thesis deals with the issue of fires of municipal and industrial wastes, particularly of rubber and halogenated polymers. When these materials burn, significant amount of harmful substances liberate into environmental compartments. Analysis of samples subjected to thermal decomposition in laboratory conditions explored formation of characteristic compounds in dependence on conditions of combustion. Samples of air, water and soil taken from real fires that occurred between the years 2007 – 2011 in the region of Western Bohemia monitored spreading of these substances into the environment. Majority of these samples were analysed by the means of gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Additionally the effect of extinguishing methods and use of fire extinguishers on formation and spreading of combustion products was studied, especially in soil and in water sources.
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Fly ash of class C for ceramic technology
Keršnerová, Lucie ; Šveda,, Mikuláš (referee) ; Rovnaníková, Pavla (referee) ; Všianský,, Dalibor (referee) ; Sokolář, Radomír (advisor)
This thesis is focused on the possibilities of the utilization of the fludized fly ash in ceramic technology, especially in the field of brick manufacturing and ceramic tiles. There were used fly ashes from thermal power plants in Hodonín, Ledvice and Tisová. Fluidized fly ash can be used for manufacturing of building materials. There hasn’t been done extensive research in this area. One of the problem is sulphur dioxide leakage during burning. The work describes the behaviour of fluidized ash during firing. The attention is focused on air pollution of sulphur dioxide. The production of SO2 is controlled so that the aim of the work is to find a way how to avoid leaking. It was proved that addition of sodium ions causes the formation of minerals hauyne and nosean during firing. Also is described the behaviour of the fly ash-soil mixtures. The anhydrite decomposition temperature is lower than in pure fly ash. In the end is fluidized ash applied for the production of dry pressed ceramic tiles. This ash can be used in ceramic technology. However, despite the interesting results there are number of problems that need to be solved.
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Study of the influence of fires of municipal and industrial waste landfills on the enviromental contamination, the combustion products of rubber and halogenated polymers
Sikora, Henryk ; Hroch, Martin (referee) ; Chýlková, Jaromíra (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Čáslavský, Josef (advisor)
This thesis deals with the issue of fires of municipal and industrial wastes, particularly of rubber and halogenated polymers. When these materials burn, significant amount of harmful substances liberate into environmental compartments. Analysis of samples subjected to thermal decomposition in laboratory conditions explored formation of characteristic compounds in dependence on conditions of combustion. Samples of air, water and soil taken from real fires that occurred between the years 2007 – 2011 in the region of Western Bohemia monitored spreading of these substances into the environment. Majority of these samples were analysed by the means of gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Additionally the effect of extinguishing methods and use of fire extinguishers on formation and spreading of combustion products was studied, especially in soil and in water sources.
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Analysis of the number of persons killed by fires since 2001 in the South Bohemian region and draft measures for the number reduction
ŽIDKOVÁ, Jana
The Bachelor?s Thesis themed ?Analysis of the number of persons killed by fires since 2001 in the South Bohemian region and draft measures for the number reduction? is an analysis of persons killed by fires from 2001 to 2010 in the South Bohemian region according to criteria defined in advance. Among these criteria belongs a comparison of persons killed by fires according to age, buildings, regions of South Bohemia territory depending on months in the year, fire occurrence cause and comparison to other regions of the Czech Republic. First part of the Bachelor?s Thesis is focused on actual number of persons killed by fires in the Czech Republic. It further deals with basics of fires, defines danger in the place of fire and classifies toxic substances occurring as combustion products. Results of the analysis of fires during which there were killed persons in the South Bohemian region according to statistical data are presented in the second part of the thesis. Based on an identification of risk areas there has been developed a system of measures, which should lead to reduction of the number of death by fire. Comparison of the data from 2001 to 2010 brings us to the conclusion that despite the decreasing number of fires the number of killed persons increases and in terms of the death in fires households are the most risky area.
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Study of fumes from burning materials selected
ŠEBA, Jaroslav
The topic of my diploma thesis draws on my bachelor thesis, which described combustion products of selected substances in the complete combustion. The diploma thesis focused on the incomplete combustion in the same substances to make a comparison possible. In the chapter on the substances selected for burning, the substances were described theoretically first. Further, the burning was carried out, the products that came into being were collected into collection bags and sent to the laboratory of the Institute of Population Protection in Lázně Bohdaneč to be analysed. After receiving the records all possible effects on human health were carried out, and the results were compared with those of the bachelor thesis. The analyses showed that carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide appeared in all analyses, while the remaining substances differed to a minimum extent, however, they are in much higher concentrations than in the perfect combustion. I added two more substances that had not been in my bachelor thesis to those that were burnt, but in the course of two years their application became a common practice, and they play an increasingly more significant role in our life. The task of the chapter dealing with the detection technique was to find out and describe the possibilities of the commander in detecting the combustion products directly on the spot of the actual operation in the shortest possible time, to enable him to propose the protection of the firemen, and possibly to establish the possibilities of taking samples, transport to the laboratory, conducting a laboratory analysis and establishing the approximate time when he could obtain the first sampling results. All of this was focused on the possibilities of the Fire Rescue Service of the Region of South Bohemia (HZS JčK). The next chapter concerned their colleagues of the Fire Rescue Service of the Region of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, in which a questionnaire investigation was focused on them, identical with that of my bachelor thesis. As I had succeeded in including the results of my bachelor thesis into a training course, I wondered whether the knowledge would improve or not. After a comparison with the results from my bachelor thesis with the new ones the conclusions turned out to be favourable, and suggested in which way the training courses - not only for the professional units - should proceed. The results of the new questionnaire investigation, which showed an improvement, should form a basis of a campaign focusing on the non-professional public, which should be acquainted with what they breathe in the event that they burn vast variety of waste. I believe that results would be achieved even here in the form of a deeper knowledge and a better quality of the air we breathe.
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The toxicology of combustion products
SIKORA, Henryk
Fire presents a significant risk of the formation of toxic combustion gases. These substances further endanger fire squad units and nearby residents. Toxic gases are responsible for almost 50% of all fire casualties and cause one third of fatal casualties. The amount and composition of gases depend to a great extent on the conditions of thermal degradation especially temperature and the amount of oxygen in the surrounding atmosphere. Prevention or minimisation of consequences of formation of toxic gases involves a rapid and a quality analysis. For this purpose, the methods that proved to be the best suited are gas chromatography and mass spectrometry combined with micro-extraction to solid phase. This work involves analysis of combustion products of selected materials and study of their toxic characteristics. These are especially wood, oil products, various types of rubber and plastic materials. Using analysis of these combustion gases more than 300 hundred substances have been identified. These are especially carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, volatile organic substances, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. Monitoring of combustion gases was performed even in the vicinity of large fires. The findings were complemented by information from expert studies and events of past years. In case of identified substances which present the greatest health risk, the most significant toxic characteristics were described with emphasis on acute exposition, symptoms of intoxication and possible consequences. Following all these facts protection measures are suggested in relation to the formation of toxic combustion gases.
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ADAPTATION OF FUEL ANALYTICS ON BIOMASS USED FOR ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS
MAROUŠEK, Josef
For 2010 the European Union has a goal to increase the share of renewable energyware to 12%. For 2020 the goal is 20%. One of visions to reach this is to raise the share of solid biofuels. Politicans all over ideologycal spectrum collectively propagate, that farming and waste management sector industry has developed ways to produce solid recovered fuels with reliable qualities, which are used successfully regarding economic and environmental aspects. One of prerequisites to reach this will be to achieve the standardization of solid biofuels. This leads to a need for flexible market, which is attainable only by common understanding concerning terminology, sampling and test methods. European energetically non-intensive industries and settlements are looking for ecologically friendly alternative fuels in order to save fossil fuels. And by doing so, enforce the development of fitting technical norms to facilitate the meeting of offer and demand for the product. Pressed biofuels like pellets are today playing the key role for the small house market as well as for large scale coal substitution in local power plants. The thesis is a part of scientific contemplation MSM 06/2/4a solved by professors S.Kužel and L.Kolář and is trying to answer the question: ``Is combustion of solid biofuels ecologically friendly?{\crqq}
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